Moors parentage

What is - a moor? Depending on a composition of a vegetative integument of phytology divide a moor on wood, fruticous, fruticulose, moss and grassy.

Whether it is possible to make the common definition of a moor as to ecological system? Scientists did time and again attempts to yield such definitions; the most successful, probably, the following is: a moor - original and difficult connatural system of correlations of builders of the biogeocenoses, stated in the conditions of abundant humidifying.

This definition requires decryption. First of all, what such - biogeocenose?

Biogeocenose it “plurality on a known stretch of the Surface of the uniform connatural phenomena: atmospheres, greens, fauna, the world of microorganisms, bedrock and the hydrological requirements, knowing how the special specificity of interplay of these builders composing it and certain phylum of interchanging of material and their energy among themselves and with other natural phenomena and the representing intrinsic discordant dialectic unity which is in fixed driving, progressing”. Or: the biogeocenose is a plant community (phytocenosis) together with occupying its fauna (zoocenosis) and the conforming field of a surface - with its special properties of atmosphere (microclimate), a bedrock and water relationships geological feature. All these builders compound the uniform mutual caused complex.

The maiden feature distinguishing paludous biogeocenoses others (wood, steppe, deserted etc.), - fixed either stagnant long-term or abundant feeblly flow humidifying.

Their other feature - the original flora introducing a combination various ecological and life-forms. Here and hygrophilous plants - hygrophytes and aqueous - hydrophytes, and that were adjusted to life in the conditions of medial water facilities - mesophytes, and well bearing a drought - xerophytes and cold resistant plants of modest damp chords - psychrophytes. Arbours, bushes go into a composition of these ecological bunches, grasss, mosses, lichens.

The third feature of paludous biogeocenoses - paludous phylum of pedogenesis. In moors silt, organo-mineral muds can be deposited, there can be a gleying of mineral bedrock (metamorphosis of oxydic bonds, primarily Ferri lactas, in protoxidic at which one the bedrock takes over bluish or faintly - grey coloration). Often there is a process, characteristic only for moors: formation and peat accumulation. If moors formation - the intrazonal process enveloping almost all geographical regions of globe, peat formation - process with strongly pronounced zonal character.

Peat presence - not an obligatory sign of a moor. For example, there is no peat on encroached in overflow of the rivers in bottomland meadows, in moors of steppes and deserts - the rests of plants there promptly dissolving in the conditions of dry air and heats.

There is no peat and in many moors of tropics - in them silt and muds is deposited; in the same place too promptly there is a decomposing of the rests of plants.

In seaside moors prompt decomposing is promoted by saline water, in deltas and river creeks - flowage, a saturation of water oxygen. Means, peatbogs are a particulate case, but in the conditions of the modest and cold climate surplus of a moisture almost always conducts to peat formation. Thus, the concept "moor" is wider, than concept "peatbog", "peat bog". A moor can be with peat and without it.

On all Earth the floor space occupied by moors, is calculated by 350 million hectares, and on a lobe of our country from it 73 % that compounds the floor space of five such states as France are necessary.

As moors arise

The first moors have appeared 400 million years ago, in a Devonian geologic history of the Earth. The greatest blossoming they have reached in the carboniferous (carboxylic) season. The vegetative integument of carboxylic moors - treelike ferns, horsetails, mosses - was that stuff of which hard coal was formed. During this season has collected coal about 23 % from all its world's reserves.

In a vegetative integument of the tertiary season it is last in history of the Earth of Cenozoic era coniferous soils - a paludous cypress, a tupelo overtopped. For this time in entrails of the Earth it was formed more than half of coal reserves. Later, when the glacier has started to come, tree species of the tertiary season have disappeared from terrain of Europe and Asia. Some of them have remained till now only on moors of a southeast part of the USA and Central America where they grow together with sphagnous and ground mosses, sedge.

At congenial geological conditions paludous taxodium family woods of Florida in long millenia could give hard coal seams.

Only in a Quaternary, in Pleistocene - at that time when there came a glacier, - for the first time there were moors on which mosses and grasses became prevailing plants and peat organizers. Conditions water - a mineral mode accordingly have sharply variated: if coal formation went in alkaline environment. Rich with sodium, aluminium, silicon peat has demanded for the formation of acid medium.

Modern paludous biogeocenoses - the result of long evolution proceeding millions of years. Those from them, that are in tundra and taiga region, have appeared rather recently. Their age does not exceed 10-12 thousand years. Last piece of a Quaternary of Cenozoic era - a Holocene (its age about 12 thousand years) - time when the glacier has started to retreat. Vegetation Holocene of moors is bound to vegetation of soils of the tertiary season which has formed deposits of brown coal

Moors arose and interaction of many objective fiziko-geographical factors-climatic, geologic, hydrological, soil result. Process of their occurrence eurysynusic, especially in moderate widths where it represents the special phylum of pedogenesis-formation of peaty or peat bedrocks, and further powerful peat depositions.

During a Holocene of a moor bogging of a land or an overgrowing of reservoirs have resulted. Depending on a vodno-mineral food they became riding (not bound to subsoil waters, and eating exclusively an atmospheric precipitation),

Low-level (the eating subsoil waters rich with solution of mineral salts) or transitive (in a stage of mediate development: from low-level - to riding).

A diversity of phylums of moors depends on their parentage, conditions of a vodno-mineral food, geographical and geomorphological positions. They differ arches from the friend a vegetative integument, a constitution and depth of a peat deposit.

This or that combination of the plants in common dwelling in given terrain in more or less unimodal conditions, carries the name of vegetative grouping, or phytocenosis.

Raised moors in a section remind the lenses impregnated with water. As an atmospheric precipitation feeding these moors, does not contain some solutions of mineral salts, there there live the plants which have adapted to a lack of a food: sphagnous mosses, undershrubs - a Labrador tea, a myrtle paludous, a heather …

There are also arbours - a pine, a birch, but they are oppressed and strongly differ outward from the colleagues in customary wood.

Low-level The moors located in places of an exit on a surface of subsoil waters, keys; they are dated for valleys of the rivers and their bottom-lands, coast of reservoirs. On them always dense vegetation. Their bedrocks in are especially prolific at a terrace parts of fluvial plains.

Moors do not remain invariable. The same as also all natural phenomena, they in constant locomotion and development. For example, at an overgrowing of reservoirs one vegetative assemblage are gradually replaced by others. It leads to change of structure and properties of peat depositions. Similar the phenomena descend on the moors formed on a land. While the top layer of peat deposits are in sphere of influence of subsoil waters, educes low-level moors. Gradually, in process of peat accumulation, the moor grows hill up and subsoil waters any more does not reach the top layers. A food of plants follows the account of an atmospheric precipitation, and it invokes changes in a vegetative integument: there are less exacting to a mineral food herbaceous plants and sphagnous mosses. low-level moors becomes transitive. The further accumulation of peat leads to complete isolation of subsoil waters of that layer of a peat deposit where roots of plants are located, and the moor enters a new stage - it becomes riding.

Land bogging

Why wood becomes boggy?

Principal cause - change of a vodno-air mode in surface horizons of bedrock. On one of podzolization stages in falls of a relief any of soil horizons becomes less permeable for water. During abundant rains water long is above it, creating superfluous humidifying and worsening a vodno-air mode in above laying soil horizons. At level of burial of groundwater process of a gleying of bedrock begins. With effort of bogging power gley horizon increases, it invokes hoisting of a surface so-called top water - without pressure head subsoil waters.

Bedrocks Opodzalivanija to all processes accompanying it can descend not only in woods, but also on pratums.

Change of ecological conditions inevitably conducts to vegetation gang. Among wood green mosses appears cuckoo flax. Dense flat pillows cuckoo flax for a long time entraps, and enhance bogging process. When this moss dies off. It deposits layers of rough peat on which, taking root between its alive caulises, the peatmoss settles. The peatmoss as shows the indicator, that the soil substratum is poor alkalis. The peatmoss possesses property to acidify environment. It is found out also, that geographical diffusion of riding peat moss bogs coincides with boundaries of bedrocks of podsolic phylum.

Deep peatbogs wood and more northern regions have arisen in the first seasons of postglacial time. Now transition of podsolic bedrocks in moors is slowed down. Within two last centuries in different years in various ranges of the country from time to time the areas of separate moors catastrophically quickly expanded, and the paludous vegetation approached on waterless valleys.

Probably, this phenomenon has been bound to intracentury fluctuations of a climate, an overwetting of fine falls of a relief on waterproof horizon. With approach of drier season of a moor dry up.

Bogging of wood cuttings down and burnt-out forests the phenomenon too the periodic. Time bogging washes them to descend only in districts to a wet climate with level of pochveno-groundwater mainly close to a surface whereas in other conditions the concentrated cabins of wood on the big areas and forest fires do not invoke bogging. Time bogging of cuttings down and burnt-out forests descends because arbours - the bailing pompe - are destroyed. Years through 20 - 30 young wood which has renewed on these places, again starts to exhale a moisture - and the moor disappears. Wood bogging can be result of a natural or artificial barrier of streams and the rivers which waters in this case starts to impound surrounding terrains.

Metamorphosis of wood into a moor - complex process, in which basis - failure by interactions between components of wood biogeocenoses.

In the course of bogging assemblages of soil microorganisms suffer, ability to live of aerobic bacteria (which existence probably only in the presence of oxygen) and soil invertebrates is depressed. Fossils and chemical elements containing in them cease to be accessible to plants, and they do not canker

In the flooded environment deprived of oxygen respiratory and sucking function of roots of the plants which have been not adapted for such conditions is oppressed. The considerable part of fine roots perishes, and thereof drops efficiency of photosynthesis. The metabolism and energy in bedrock, between bedrock and photosynthesis, between them and atmosphere is broken. It leads to gang of photosynthesises: the wood or meadow is changed with the paludous.

In the subsequent development of paludous photosynthesis the leading role belongs to a water food, its quality and quantity. Watering degree regulates intensity a moor of educational process and prevalence of those or other kinds in a vegetative integument.

Mutual relation of wood and moors

There are two basic phylums of bogging of the land, depending on rigidity or softness of water, rigidly water bogging is observed in falls of a relief with waterproof horizon close to a surface. The wedging mineralised it is soil-subsoil waters create constants an overwetting, and it promotes growth of plants low-level moors and to peat deposition. There is a back bog with a characteristic stand of trees for it.

In northern and average subbands of taiga region and in forest-tundra eurysynusic softly water bogging. Surplus of a moisture here is created because the quantity of an atmospheric precipitation exceeds evaporation. In such conditions are formed transitive or raised moors

In the nature combinations of both phylums of bogging are customary. Bogging begins with rigidly water phylum and in process of moor growth hill up and an exit of its active layer from sphere of influence of subsoil waters educes further as softly water bogging. In each phylum of bogging process can be reversible or not reversible.

Irreciprocal bogging has begun in the early seasons of a Holocene in numerous falls of a relief and the lakes which have remained after deviation of a glacier. In process of filling with their peat of a moor crept away in the parties, burying under with peat perishing woods. In ranges with a wet and cool climate this process proceeds and to this day. Its scales were reduced in Western and the Eastern Europe, feet and in Western Siberia the big moors frequently aggressive though and not so it is strong as before. Bogging reduction descends when takes place positive neotectonic locomotions of earth crust (a relief raising) and process of deep erosion.

There is also variety of the causes promoting irreciprocal bogging and stimulating this process. Negative neotectonic locomotions of earth crust (relief lowering), formation of the limestone sinks, a natural backing of a drain concern them surface and is soil-subsoil waters, gripping by old peats bog of new terrains. But in present period the scale a formation moor has considerably decreased, many paludous massifs grow with wood, in taiga region this process often happens reversible.

In the course of irreciprocal bogging it is possible to present dynamics of mutual relations of wood and a moor as follows: in an original stage when under the influence of an overwetting bedrock aeration worsens, the lignosa in wood slows down the growth, arbours become clumsy, and older - die off. Hylophytes of the inferior stages - bushes and grasses - are gradually displaced by the paludous.

Bogging process leads to death not at once wood. The gradual augmentation of power of a peat layer and watering increase conducts to the wood gang, open moors on which the lignosa is presented by separate oppressed arbours or their small bunches on microincreases. Wood and moor interference - complex connatural process in which already many has cleared up, but not a little still it is necessary to investigate and discover.

Preservation of moors

Even short and not complete acquaintance to paludous biogeocenoses of globe and, in particular, with paludous biogeocenoses of our country allows to receive representation about their big diversity depending on fiziko-geographical conditions. To guard a moor it is absolutely necessary, and it became especially clear last years.

The moor is a habital rare and vanishing species of animals. In them large auks - cranes, black grouses, wood grouses, hazel grouses, partridges nest and fed. These are the basic places where ducks keep, gooses, bald-coots, wood-cocks, herons, and other auks. On wood lakes with boggy coast beavers lodge, the crucian, a tench are found in paludous lakes, a pike, and other kinds of fishes. If to destroy a moor, that live on affinity and for which the moor serves as a lee place will suffer not only those animals who on them dwell, but also.

By scientists it is established, that number of a waterfowl is in direct dependence on the water table area. Moors - the original standard, giving the chance to study connatural paludous complexes and processes proticking in them. The connatural balance of district depends on moors, they play a water protective and water security role.

The moor obliged by the occurrence in the beginning of a Holocene to a complex of choronomic physiographic factors, on achievement of the certain dimension steels the factor substantially forming physicists-geographical environment, both within moors, and in extensive terrains.

The factor of "mass" of moors influences and aggressiveness of processes of bogging in many areas taiga regions. Features of interaction of moors and environment have both positive, and negative sides from the point of view of economic activities of the person.